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Turkey in the Twentieth Century

What are the roots of "ethnic cleansing", extreme nationalism and the re-invention of historical myths in the modern Balkans? This study of socialism among the Ottoman communities of Macedonians, Bulgarians, Armenians, Greeks and Jews of Salonika, between 1876 and 1923 investigates.

This revised edition builds upon the twin themes of Turkey's continuing incorporation into the capitalist world and the modernization of state and society.

Universal conscription has been the main form of military recruitment in the 19th and 20th centuries. In Central Asia and the Middle East it has been ruthlessly imposed on agrarian and undeveloped societies with little regard for individual interest, economic disruption, or intense local resistance. This book provides a fresh approach to the understanding of conscription, with contributions from social and political historians in an area tradi...

This revised edition builds upon and updates its twin themes of Turkey's continuing incorporation into the capitalist world and the modernization of state and society. It begins with the forging of closer links with Europe after the French Revolution, and the changing face of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. Zürcher argues that Turkey's history between 1908 and 1950 should be seen as a unity, and offers a strongly revisionist interpreta...

Shows that Kemal's 'ideological toolkit', which included positivism, militarism, nationalism and a state-centred world view, was shared by several Young Turks. This book focuses on the attempts of the Young Turks to save their empire through forced modernization and on the attempts of their Kemalist successors to build a strong national state.

Shows that Kemal's 'ideological toolkit', which included positivism, militarism, nationalism and a state-centred world view, was shared by several Young Turks. This book focuses on the attempts of the Young Turks to save their empire through forced modernization and on the attempts of their Kemalist successors to build a strong national state.